In Différence et répétition, the transcendental field is presented through the concepts of Idea and intensity. A lot has been said about these concepts, but the relation between them is still a subject of dispute. In this article we aim to shed light upon this knot. First, we will show that intensity is actual, and not virtual nor intermediate like some interpretations suggest. In this point, our reading of the book from 1968 is complemented with Le pli. Leibniz et le (...) Baroque, to show that the actual status of intensity remains the same in the late works of Deleuze. Then, we will explore the relation between intensity and the three characters of the Idea and with the dramatization commanding actualization. After that, the bond between Idea and intensity will be thought through the problem of expression. This results, at last, in a complex articulation between these two planes from the point of view of their order of constitution. In this point, it will be key to put together concepts from both Différence et répétition and Logique du sens. (shrink)

Nos proponemos pensar una teoría de la acción implícita en la filosofía deleuziana del espacio. El concepto de profundidad, en el que se despliega el carácter de la intensidad como afirmación de la diferencia, funciona como presupuesto de esta teoría. A partir de dos textos de Ruyer y Simondon mencionados por Deleuze, los afectos aparecen como expresión de aquella dimensión espacial en el sujeto. La profundidad se articula a su vez con las síntesis temporales en un recorrido que encuentra en (...) la noción de pliegue el concepto adecuado para pensar un sujeto de la acción alternativo al yo sustancial. (shrink)

Resumen Este artículo propone una lectura del concepto de lo Natal desde la perspectiva de la ontología de Diferencia y repetición. El estudio de los rasgos ontológicos que esa noción ofrece, en especial en Mil mesetas, arroja una nueva luz sobre el aspecto intensivo de la teoría deleuziana del fundamento. En este sentido, el concepto de lo Natal se vincula especialmente con los conceptos de profundidad y campo de individuación. La consideración conjunta de estas nociones permite postular la novedad de (...) la teoría deleuziana del fundamento en relación con la tradición de la metafísica occidental, que se expresa en el hecho de que el fundamento se presenta como ámbito de la individuación, el devenir y la multiplicidad. En última instancia, el fundamento se ve superado hacia un sin-fondo.This article proposes a reading of the concept of The Natal in the light of the ontology of Difference and repetition. The study of the ontological aspects of this notion in A thousand plateaus brings a new light to the intensive aspect of Deleuze's theory of ground. In this sense, the concept of The Natal is linked with the concepts of depth and field of individuation. The bond between these concepts puts forth the novelty of Deleuze's theory of ground in relation to the tradition of Western metaphysics, expressed in the fact that the ground is presented as a realm of individuation, becoming and multiplicity. The ground is ultimately overcome by an ungrounding. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This essay will explore the constitution of a transcendental theory of space through an examination of the notion of spatial synthesis in the works of Husserl, Paliard, and Deleuze. First, we shall explore the constitution of the sensorial fields in Husserl’s phenomenology. In Husserlian terms, space is not originally an empty form that can eventually be filled with a certain empirical content. Accordingly, the philosopher claims that spatiality is a consequence of the immanent synthesis of sensations. Then, we will (...) move on to Jacques Paliard’s psychology of perception, where we will find both aesthetic and noetic synthesis as transcendental conditions for the perception of space. Lastly, we will explore Deleuze’s theory of intensive space, specifically the concept of depth developed in a dialogue with Paliard. This comparative analysis shows that purely intensive fields of individuation are a transcendental a priori for the perception of an extensive space. (shrink)

Resumen: El artículo propone una lectura de la meseta “10000 AC. La geología de la moral ” desde el punto de vista de una ontología del espacio. Nos concentraremos específicamente en el concepto de estrato. En los primeros dos apartados se mostrará que todo estrato supone aspectos materiales y semióticos. Para ello se explicitarán algunos conceptos de la geología y de la lingüística utilizados por Deleuze y Guattari. Los apartados 3, 4 y 5 se ocuparán, sucesivamente, de los conceptos de (...) substrato, epistrato y paraestrato. En la articulación de estos conceptos se juegan tres aspectos fundamentales para pensar la configuración de todo espacio actual: la territorialización, la desterritorialización relativa y la codificación/descodificación. Esta tipología de estratos da cuenta de lo diverso espacial y será estudiada a partir de algunas de las fuentes utilizadas por los autores. Se hará un énfasis especial en la obra de Pia Laviosa Zambotti, fuente crucial para comprender la tipología de estratos, como así también en ciertos aspectos del pensamiento de Jacques Monod y Jakob Von Uexküll, claves para pensar el concepto de mundo circundante en la determinación de la noción de paraestrato. Palabras clave: Estrato; Geología de la moral; Codificación; Territorialización; Espacio: The article proposes a reading of the chapter “10000 BC. The Geology of Morals ” from the perspective of an ontology of space. We will deal specifically with the concept of stratum. In the first and second paragraphs we will show that every strate is composed of both material and semiotic aspects. In order to do so we will develop some notions of geology and lingüistics used by the authors. Then, paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 will deal, succesivelly, with the concepts of substratum, epistratum and paraestratum. Three fundamental aspects of actual space are configured in the articulation of these three concepts: territorialization, relative deterritorialization and codification/decodification. This tipology of strates gives an account of spatial diversity and it will be studied through some of the sources utilized by Deleuze and Guattari. The thought of Pia Laviosa Zambotti will receive special attention since her work is an essential source of the tipology of strates. Some aspects of the thoughts of Jacques Monod and Jakob Von Uexküll will also be taken into account, especially those concerning the concept of umwelt and paraestratum. Key Words: Stratum; Geology of morals; Codification; Territorialization; Space. (shrink)

This article aims to comprehend Kierkegaard’s theory of the movement of faith through Deleuze’s theory of becoming. At the same time, it aims to understand Deleuze’s theory of becoming in the light of Kierkegaard’s thought, mainly through his reflections on Abraham and the concept of anxiety. It will show the way in which the conceptual character of the knight of faith works as a possible variation of one of the most original concepts of Deleuze’s work: the becoming-imperceptible. This crossing of (...) concepts allows us to shed light on the problem of thinking a theory of the subject that takes into account the intensive movements that escape the logic of representation; and also the deleuzian search for a renewal of philosophical ways of expression. (shrink)

The Aymara of the Andes use absolute (cardinal) frames of reference for describing the relative position of ordinary objects. However, rather than encoding them in available absolute lexemes, they do it in lexemes that are intrinsic to the body: nayra (“front”) and qhipa (“back”), denoting east and west, respectively. Why? We use different but complementary ethnographic methods to investigate the nature of this encoding: (a) linguistic expressions and speech–gesture co-production, (b) linguistic patterns in the distinct regional Spanish-based variety Castellano Andino (...) (CA), (c) metaphorical extensions of CA’s spatial patterns to temporal ones, and (d) layouts of traditional houses. Findings indicate that, following fundamental principles of Aymara cosmology, people, objects, and land—as a whole—are conceived as having an implicit canonical orientation facing east, a primary landmark determined by the sunrise. The above bodily based lexicalizations are thus linguistic manifestations of a broader macro-cultural worldview and its psycho-cognitive reality. (shrink)

This article examines the primacy of real-world bodily experience for understanding the human mind. I defend the idea that the peculiarities of the living human brain and body, and the bodily experiences they sustain, are essential ingredients of human sense-making and conceptual systems. Conceptual systems are created, brought forth, understood and sustained, through very specific cognitive mechanisms ultimately grounded in bodily experience. They don't have a transcendental abstract logic independent of the species-specific bodily features. To defend this position, I focus (...) on a case study: the fundamental concept of time flow. Using tools of cognitive linguistics, I analyse the foundations of this concept, as it is manifested naturally in everyday language. I show that there is a precise conceptual metaphor whose inferential structure gives an account of a huge variety of linguistic expressions, semantic contents, and unconscious spontaneous gestures: Time Events Are Things In Space. I discuss various special cases of this conceptual metaphor. This mapping grounds its source domain in specific spatial bodily experiences and projects its inferential structure onto a target domain making inferences in that domain possible. This mechanism allows us to unconsciously, effortlessly, and precisely understand expressions such as ‘the year 2000 is approaching’ or ‘the days ahead of us’. The general form of the mapping seems to be universal. The analysis raises important issues which demand a deeper and richer understanding of cognition and the mind: a view that sees the mind as fully embodied. In order to avoid misunderstandings with a general notion of ‘embodiment’ which has become fashionable in contemporary cognitive science, I describe what I mean by ‘full embodiment’: an embodied-oriented approach that has an explicit commitment to all of cognition, not just to low-level aspects of cognition such as sensory-motor activity or locomotion . I take embodiment to be a living phenomenon in which the primacy of bodily grounded experience is inherently part of the very subject matter of the study of the mind. (shrink)

We undertake the comparison between Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General Systems Theory and Alexandr Bodganov's Tektology as two theories proposing a holistic interpretation of reality and claiming to solve problems which are unsolvable via conventional philosophic and scientific theories and methodologies. Basic misunderstandings by some Soviet authors regarding the nature of these theories — especially in the case of Tektology — are pointed out. The comparison is made in what concerns the general origins and purposes of the theories, their approaches to (...) the problem of organization, their treatment of mathematics and their understanding of the cybernetic concept of regulation.We contend that Tektologycontains — some 15 years earlier — all the basic concepts which will be later developed by the General Theory of Systems. As we shall see, Tektology is the ultimate expansion of any theory of systems. This fact is widely ignored in contemporary specialized literature. (shrink)

We undertake the comparison between Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General Systems Theory and Alexandr Bogdanov's Tektology as two theories proposing a holistic interpretation of reality and claiming to solve problems which are unsolvable via conventional philosophic and scientific theories and methodologies. Basic misunderstandings by some Soviet authors regarding the nature of these theories -- especially in the case of Tektology -- are pointed out. The comparison is made in what concerns the general origins and purposes of the theories, their approaches to (...) the problem of organization, their treatment of mathematics and their understanding of the cybernetic concept of regulation. We contend that Tektology contains -- some 15 years earlier -- all the basic concepts which will be later developed by the General Theory of Systems. As we shall see, Tektology is the ultimate expansion of any theory of systems. This fact is widely ignored in contemporary specialized literature. We finally contend that both Tektology and the General Systems Theory are a sign of the times. A holistic secular monism is a respectable alternative to the failure of contemporary science and philosophy in guiding the life of men, in providing a raison d'être for human existence. However, we do not explore the soundness of this alternative. (shrink)

Clarke and Beck's defense of the theoretical construct “approximate number system” is flawed in serious ways – from biological misconceptions to mathematical naïveté. The authors misunderstand behavioral/psychological technical concepts, such as numerosity and quantical cognition, which they disdain as “exotic.” Additionally, their characterization of rational numbers is blind to the essential role of symbolic reference in the emergence of number.

The recently celebrated division into ‘easy’ and ‘hard’ problems of consciousness is unfortunate and misleading. Built on functionalist grounds, it carves up the subject matter by declaring that the most elusive parts need a fundamentally and intrinsically different solution. What we have, rather, are ‘difficult’ problems of conscious experience, but problems that are not difficult per se. Their difficulty is relative, among other things, to the kind of solution one is looking for and the tools used to accomplish the task. (...) I argue that the study of conscious experience in our scientific and philosophical tradition is a very difficult problem because it has been addressed with inappropriate tools: with harmful long-lasting and inadequate dogmas that have dogged science for centuries. I describe five of these dogmas, which are: the existence of an objective reality independent of human understanding; the subordination of epistemology to ontology; the restricted view of the objectivist-subjectivist dichotomy; the exclusion of the body from the study of the mind; and the idea of explaining the mind in terms of the neurophysiological processes of individual brains. I claim that conscious experience is not a transcendental, paranatural, mystic or magic phenomenon. It is tractable and approachable with scientific methods. However, one must look not only for non-reductionist views to approach it, but also for views that avoid the dogmas here described. Conscious experience is a living phenomenon and it has to be understood as such. Accordingly, our understanding of it has to make sense at several levels, from evolution to morphophysiology, from neuroanatomy to language. I put forward an approach to conscious experience which is free of the dogmas that make the study of conscious experience so difficult. This view, called ecological naturalism, is a non-functionalist and non-reductive view that provides an naturalistic account of the mind. It also puts special emphasis on irreducible supra-individual biological processes that are essential in the realization of mental phenomena and therefore conscious experience. (shrink)

Early quantitative skills cannot be directly extended to provide the richness, precision, and sophistication of the concept of natural number. These skills must interact with top-down mathematical schemas, which can be explained by bodily grounded everyday mechanisms for abstraction and imagination (e.g., conceptual metaphor, blending) that are both biologically plausible and culturally shaped (established beyond the child's mind).

The neural realization of number in abstract form is implausible, but from this it doesn't follow that numbers are not abstract. Clear definitions of abstraction are needed so they can be applied homogenously to numerical and non-numerical cognition. To achieve a better understanding of the neural substrate of abstraction, productive cognition must be investigated.

El propósito de este texto es ofrecer una visión general de la relación entre nación e historia en los debates que se generaron por parte de los historiadores y otros intelectuales de las ciencias sociales a finales del siglo XIX y durante gran parte del siglo XX. La reflexión central que se plantea consiste entonces en estudiar y mostrar cómo al mismo tiempo que las naciones modernas eran objeto de un proceso de redefinición política, en el escenario intelectual de las (...) ciencias sociales, y en particular de los historiadores, fueron apareciendo también un conjunto de debates y obras que intentaban problematizar y someter a consideración las relaciones que pretendían establecerse entre la nación y la historia como un elemento que las justificaba. (shrink)

Previous research has shown positive relationships between fitness level and different cognitive abilities and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence with physical fitness in a group of pre-adolescents. Sixty-three children from Castro del Río, aged between 11 and 12 years, participated in this research. The Superior Logical Intelligence Test and the EVAMAT 1.0–5 battery were used. Physical fitness was evaluated by the horizontal jump test, the 4×10 meter speed–agility (...) test, and the Course Navette test. The analyses showed positive relationships between physical fitness with logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence. Specifically, linear regression analyzes indicated that the 4×10 speed–agility test significantly predicted mathematical competence and the horizontal jump test significantly predicted logical–mathematical intelligence. These results are in agreement with previous research, highlighting the importance of improving physical fitness from an early age due to its benefits for intellectual and academic development. (shrink)

Jose Marti contributed greatly to Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain with words as well as revolutionary action. Although he died before the formation of an independent republic, he has since been hailed as a heroic martyr inspiring Cuban republican traditions.

Two systems of belief change based on paraconsistent logics are introduced in this article by means of AGM-like postulates. The first one, AGMp, is defined over any paraconsistent logic which extends classical logic such that the law of excluded middle holds w.r.t. the paraconsistent negation. The second one, AGMo , is specifically designed for paraconsistent logics known as Logics of Formal Inconsistency (LFIs), which have a formal consistency operator that allows to recover all the classical inferences. Besides the three usual (...) operations over belief sets, namely expansion, contraction and revision (which is obtained from contraction by the Levi identity), the underlying paraconsistent logic allows us to define additional operations involving (non-explosive) contradictions. Thus, it is defined external revision (which is obtained from contraction by the reverse Levi identity), consolidation and semi-revision, all of them over belief sets. It is worth noting that the latter operations, introduced by S. Hansson, involve the temporary acceptance of contradictory beliefs, and so they were originally defined only for belief bases. Unlike to previous proposals in the literature, only defined for specific paraconsistent logics, the present approach can be applied to a general class of paraconsistent logics which are supraclassical, thus preserving the spirit of AGM. Moreover, representation theorems w.r.t. constructions based on selection functions are obtained for all the operations. (shrink)

Se responde, desde la dogmática de la Corte Constitucional colombiana, aduciendo los “criterios de identificación” normativa de los derechos fundamentales centrados en i) su relación de funcionalidad con el logro del contenido normativo de la dignidad humana, ii) su traducción como derechos subjetivos, iii) los “consensos dogmáticos, jurisprudenciales o de derecho internacional, legal y reglamentario sobre su fundamentalidad” y, iv) su exigibilidad -más que su propia justiciabilidad-, como presupuestos jurídicos, reconocimiento y aplicación pragmática constitucional en la esfera de vida de (...) la persona humana y la comunidad política, basados, también, en los pilares conceptuales del llamado Constitucionalismo Humanista. (shrink)

In this paper two systems of AGM-like Paraconsistent Belief Revision are overviewed, both defined over Logics of Formal Inconsistency (LFIs) due to the possibility of defining a formal consistency operator within these logics. The AGM° system is strongly based on this operator and internalize the notion of formal consistency in the explicit constructions and postulates. Alternatively, the AGMp system uses the AGM-compliance of LFIs and thus assumes a wider notion of paraconsistency - not necessarily related to the notion of formal (...) consistency. (shrink)

Pretendo mostrar a relação entre o surgimento das primeiras apologias do luxo no século XVIII e a mudança de estatuto das paixões humanas. A hipótese que gostaria de defender é a de que a alteração da compreensão das paixões humanas possibilitou a formulação de uma nova antropologia segundo a qual a busca por prazer é entendida como legítima moral e politicamente.

O novo livro sobre Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ao qual esta resenha se dedica, chama-se Rousseau et le spectacle, organizada por Christophe Martin (Universidade Paris-Ouest Nanterre La Défense), Jacques Berchtold (Universidade Paris-Sorbonne) e Yannick Séité (Universidade Paris VII-Diderot). O volume é fruto de um Colóquio internacional intitulado Rousseau et le spectacle, ocorrido entre 15 a 17 de março de 2012, na capital francesa, em ocasião das comemorações do tricentenário de nascimento de Rousseau.

Tradução e apresentação da tragédia, em prosa, ainda inédita em língua portuguesa, intitulada A Morte de Lucrécia, composta por Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Trata-se de uma história que foi anteriormente relatada por Tito Lívio e gravita em torno da morte de Lucrécia, acontecimento importante que antecedeu o estabelecimento da república de Roma. O texto, inacabado, foi escrito em 1754 e é composto por dois atos e dezoito fragmentos, ainda assim, é de interesse para o leitor de Rousseau e da Filosofia das Luzes.

Diogenes of Sinope, bilinen adıyla Diogenes ya da Sinoplu Diyojen’e yönelik yapılan bu çalışmada amacım, Dioegenes’in yaşamının, felsefi duruşunun ve benimsediği etik kuralların kapsamlı ve belgelenmiş bir şekilde sunulmasıdır. Diogenes’in hayatını ve öğretilerini güvenilir bir şekilde aktarmak aşırı derecede zordur, çünkü diğer antik filozoflardan ayrı olarak, onun yaşamına ilişkin güvenilir kaynaklar bulmak oldukça sınırlıdır. Ayrıca, fıçının içinde yaşayan bir Kinikli’ye yönelik ortaya konulmuş birçok kurmaca anekdot ile uğraşılması gerekmektedir. Güvenilir bilginin azlığı ve belgesiz atıfların yarattığı zorluklara rağmen, yine de birçok (...) kişinin hayalinde hayatta kalmayı başaran ünlü filozofun portresini ölümünden yirmi üç yüzyıl sonra yeniden inşa etmek mümkün gözükmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Diogenes’in yaşam tarzı ve felsefesine yönelik bilgiler verilecek, ardından temsil ettiği akım olan kinizmin temel öğretileri çeşitli kaynaklardan gösterilerek aktarılacaktır. Son olarak da, Diogenes’in Sinop kültürünün ve kültürel mirasımızın bir parçası olarak kabul edilmesinin mümkün olup olmadığı tartışılacaktır. (shrink)